![]() The liturgical biretta has three peaks (four peaks however are the norm in Germany and the Netherlands), with the "peak-less" corner worn on the left side of the head. The Institute of Christ the King Sovereign Priest uses black birettas with a blue pom. Philip Neri for instance, generally also wear birettas, but without a pom. Other priests who belong to various forms of community life, as the Congregation of the Oratory of St. Clerks Regular (that is, post-Renaissance religious orders primarily dedicated to priestly ministry, for instance the Jesuits and Redemptorists) generally wear a black biretta with no tuft. Canons Regular generally do-for instance the canons of the Order of Prémontré wear a white biretta. Priests in monastic and mendicant religious orders that have their own habits (Benedictines, Franciscans, Dominicans, etc.) do not generally wear birettas: in most circumstances, even liturgical, the monastic hood took the place of the biretta. It is often asserted that seminarians are only entitled to wear a biretta without a pom-pom, but there would seem to be no formal ruling on this point. Appearance Ĭardinals bear no tuft or "pom" (they are given their birettas and zucchettos by the Pope who elevated them in a ceremony named a consistory – they will form a line, and kneel before him when receiving them), bishops bear a purple pom, priests who have been appointed as prelates to certain positions within the Vatican wear a black biretta with red pom, diocesan priests and deacons wear a black biretta with or without a black pom. At solemn Mass the sacred ministers wear it also when seated. The Tridentine Roman Missal rubrics on low Mass require the priest to wear the biretta while proceeding to the altar, to hand it to the server on arrival and to resume it when leaving. The pope does not make use of the biretta. The biretta of a bishop is amaranth in color, while those worn by priests, deacons, and seminarians are black. After the Second Vatican Council the ceremony of giving the galero to cardinals was replaced with giving the biretta. Those worn by cardinals are scarlet red and made of silk. The biretta may be used by all ranks of the Latin Church clergy, including cardinals and other bishops to priests, deacons, and even seminarians (who are not clergy, since they are not ordained). The biretta seems to have become a more widely used as an ecclesiastical vestment after the synod of Bergamo, 1311, ordered the clergy to wear the "bireta on their heads after the manner of laymen." The tuft or pom sometimes seen on the biretta was added later the earliest forms of the biretta (the cap) did not bear the device. This is also the ancestor of the modern mortarboard used today in secular universities. One possible origin is the academic cap of the high Middle Ages, which was soft and square. It is mentioned as early as the tenth century. The origins of the biretta are uncertain. ![]() The "Spanish version" of the biretta, from the Philippi Collection ![]()
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